
Photo: A typical modern flywheel doesn't even look like a wheel! It consists of a spinning carbon-fiber cylinder mounted inside a very sturdy container, which is designed to stop any high-speed fragments if the rotor should break. Flywheels like this have an electric motor and/or generatorattached, which stores the. . Flywheels are relatively simple technology withlots of plus points compared to rivals such as rechargeable batteries: in terms of initial cost and ongoingmaintenance, they work out cheaper, last about 10 times longer(there are still many. The principle of flywheel energy storage in cars involves the following concepts1234:The flywheel obtains energy from internal combustion through the crankshaft during power strokes.It stores this energy as rotational kinetic energy.The stored energy helps maintain a consistent speed during non-power phases of the engine cycle.The flywheel's inertia opposes and moderates fluctuations in engine speed.It acts as a mechanical battery, storing energy in the form of kinetic energy. [pdf]

(LEDs) produce light (or infrared radiation) by the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a semiconductor, a process called "". The wavelength of the light produced depends on the energy band gap of the semiconductors used. Since these materials have a high , design features of the devices such as special optical coatings and die shape are required to efficiently emit light. A LED is a long-lived light source, b. [pdf]

A battery is a modified lithium-ion battery that uses lithium-titanate nanocrystals, instead of , on the surface of its . This gives the anode a surface area of about 100 square meters per gram, compared with 3 square meters per gram for carbon, allowing electrons to enter and leave the anode quickly. Also, the redox potential of Li+ intercalation into titanium oxides is more positive than that of Li+ intercalation into graphite. This leads to fast charging (hi. A lithium-titanate battery is a modified lithium-ion battery that uses lithium-titanate nanocrystals, instead of carbon, on the surface of its anode. This gives the anode a surface area of about 100 square meters per gram, compared with 3 square meters per gram for carbon, allowing electrons to enter and leave the anode quickly. [pdf]
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