Several large-scale lithium-ion energy storage battery fire incidents have involved explosions. The large explosion incidents, in which battery system enclosures are damaged, are due to the deflagration of accumulated flammable gases generated during cell thermal runaways within one or more modules.
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Four firefighters injured in lithium—ion battery energy storage system explosion-arizona. Underwriters Laboratory. Columbia Mexis, I., & Todeschini, G. (2020). Battery energy storage systems in the united kingdom: A review of current state-of-the-art and future applications.
Some scientists say thermal runaway may have triggered the blast. Around three weeks ago, the explosion of a 30 kWh battery storage system caused a stir in Lauterbach, in the central German state of Hesse. The system owner is an electronics technician specializing in energy and building services, with 20 years of professional experience.
Incidents of battery storage facility fires and explosions are reported every year since 2018, resulting in human injuries, and millions of US dollars in loss of asset and operation.
One delayed explosion battery ESS incident is particularly noteworthy because the severe firefighter injuries and unusual circumstances in this incident were widely reported (Renewable Energy World, 2019).
The gases released from a battery energy storage system are highly flammable and toxic. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, ethane, and other hydrocarbons are typically included in the gases that are released, depending on the battery chemistry involved.
One particular Korean energy storage battery incident in which a prompt thermal runaway occurred was investigated and described by Kim et al., (2019). The battery portion of the 1.0 MWh Energy Storage System (ESS) consisted of 15 racks, each containing nine modules, which in turn contained 22 lithium ion 94 Ah, 3.7 V cells.
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