With the advent of the 5G era, mobile users have higher requirements for network performance, and the expansion of network coverage has become an inevitable trend. Deploying micro base
In today''s 5G era, the energy efficiency (EE) of cellular base stations is crucial for sustainable communication. Recognizing this, Mobile Network Operators are actively prioritizing EE for
The Energy Storage Association has projected "100 GW of new energy storage systems in the U.S. by 2030," including "batteries, thermal, mechanical and pumped storage hydro." The
Then, it proposed a 5G energy storage charge and discharge scheduling strategy. It also established a model for 5G base station energy storage to participate in coordinated and optimized dispatching of the distribution network. Finally, it
Then, it proposed a 5G energy storage charge and discharge scheduling strategy. It also established a model for 5G base station energy storage to participate in coordinated and
base station energy storage and build a cloud energy storage platform for large-scale distributed digital energy storage. [23] proposes equating base station energy storage as a vir-tual power
However, the traditional energy storage operation strategy is less efficient. To improve the utilization rate of energy storage, this paper proposes a method for the energy storage system
Then, it proposed a 5G energy storage charge and discharge scheduling strategy. It also established a model for 5G base station energy storage to participate in coordinated and
Thermally integrated pumped thermal energy storage (TI-PTES) is a flexibility option to recover low-grade heat and provide overnight storage. Common criteria when designing such systems
This article aims to reduce the electricity cost of 5G base stations, and optimizes the energy storage of 5G base stations connected to wind turbines and photovoltaics. Firstly, established
The widespread installation of 5G base stations has caused a notable surge in energy consumption, and a situation that conflicts with the aim of attaining carbon neutrality. Numerous studies have affirmed that the
On the basis of ensuring smooth user communication and normal operation of base stations, it realizes orderly regulation of energy storage for large-scale base stations, participates in
To maximize overall benefits for the investors and operators of base station energy storage, we proposed a bi-level optimization model for the operation of the energy storage, and the planning of 5G base stations considering the sleep mechanism.
In the optimal configuration of energy storage in 5G base stations, long-term planning and short-term operation of the energy storage are interconnected. Therefore, a two-layer optimization model was established to optimize the comprehensive benefits of energy storage planning and operation.
3) The base station sleep mechanism could reduce the power consumption of the base station, while meeting the communication coverage requirements. There was a strong correlation between the charging and discharging behavior of the base station energy storage and the time-of-use electricity price curve.
The optimization configuration method for the 5G base station energy storage proposed in this article, that considered the sleep mechanism, has certain engineering application prospects and practical value; however, the factors considered are not comprehensive enough.
Brief description about components of the base station Energy Consumption Index (ECI)—It represents the efficiency of BS power utilization. The lower value of ECI means greater EE as mentioned in Eq. 6 below. Its unit is J/bit.
The constraint conditions of the energy storage configuration in the multi-base station cooperative system included energy storage investment cost constraints, and energy storage battery multiplier constraints; the time scale was in years.
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