
Energy storage is a potential substitute for, or complement to, almost every aspect of a power system, including generation, transmission, and demand flexibility. Storage should be co-optimized with clean generation, transmission systems, and strategies to reward consumers for making their electricity use more flexible. . Goals that aim for zero emissions are more complex and expensive than NetZero goals that use negative emissions technologies to achieve a. . The need to co-optimize storage with other elements of the electricity system, coupled with uncertain climate change impacts on demand and supply,. . The intermittency of wind and solar generation and the goal of decarbonizing other sectors through electrification increase the benefit of. . Lithium-ion batteries are being widely deployed in vehicles, consumer electronics, and more recently, in electricity storage systems. These batteries have, and will likely continue to have, relatively high costs. [pdf]
Energy storage systems that can operate over minute by minute, hourly, weekly, and even seasonal timescales have the capability to fully combat renewable resource variability and are a key enabling technology for deep penetration of renewable power generation.
Foreword and acknowledgmentsThe Future of Energy Storage study is the ninth in the MIT Energy Initiative’s Future of series, which aims to shed light on a range of complex and vital issues involving
The development of thermal, mechanical, and chemical energy storage technologies addresses challenges created by significant penetration of variable renewable energy sources into the electricity mix.
The need to co-optimize storage with other elements of the electricity system, coupled with uncertain climate change impacts on demand and supply, necessitate advances in analytical tools to reliably and efficiently plan, operate, and regulate power systems of the future.
Energy storage systems help to bridge the gap between power generation and demand and are useful for systems with high variability or generation-demand mismatch.
Thermal, mechanical, or (nonbattery) chemical energy storage technologies compete with battery technologies for all of the previously listed commercial applications, but also enable additional applications for longer durations, higher power density, or involving hybridization with existing utility-scale heat and power resources. Fig. 10.
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